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Newborn Care

• Editor's Note
• List of Articles

List of Articles

• Newborn Hearing Loss Detection and Intervention
  Hearing loss can affect a child’s ability to develop communication, language, and social skills. The earlier children with hearing loss start getting services, the more likely they are to reach their full potential. The most important time for a child to learn language is in the first 3 years of life, when the brain is developing and maturing. In fact, children begin learning speech and language in the first 6 months of life. In 2017 the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) law re-authorizes Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) to continue funding awards to states, territories, and healthcare providers to support continuous improvement of EHDI programs. These projects help to identify effective strategies to address screening, loss to follow-up diagnosis and services, enrollment into early intervention services, and family engagement. There are different types of communication options and interventions available for children with hearing loss. With help from healthcare providers and intervention specialists, families are able to select the options that best meet their needs.
  
  
• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a result of the sudden discontinuation of fetal exposure to substances that were used for or abused by the mother during pregnancy. Withdrawal from licit or illicit substances is becoming more common among neonates in both developed and developing countries. Opioid medications such as morphine or methadone are recommended as first-line therapy, with phenobarbital or clonidine as second-line adjunctive therapy. Further research is needed to determine best practice for assessment, non-pharmacologic intervention, and pharmacologic management of infants with NAS in order to improve outcomes. The lessons learned from prenatal alcohol exposure might be relevant for opioids. Full consideration must be given to the to the postnatal environment of children with prenatal opioid exposures, which might include social and economic complexities that adversely impact child development. Prescribe post-cesarean delivery opioids more appropriately by considering individual inpatient opioid requirements or a shared decision-making model. Prioritize acetaminophen and ibuprofen during breastfeeding.
  
  
• Birth Trauma: Neonatal Brachial Plexus Injury
  The review emphasizes on neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) with special focus on its pathophysiology, causation, and management. Some strategies that demonstrate either a reduction in NBPP or an increased rate of successful resolution of shoulder dystocia are included. The primary objective in the presence of clinically recognizable shoulder dystocia continues to be the delivery of fetus before the fetal brain experiences hypoxic-ischemic injury. Perinatal disorders are prone to malpractice litigation. NBPP results from stretching the nerves in the perinatal period and may lead to paresis or paralysis and sensory loss in the affected arm. The knowledge about NBPP is continually evolving. What is known at this time with reasonable certainty is that NBPP occurs infrequently and can be caused by maternal (endogenous) forces or clinician-applied (exogenous) forces or a combination of both. Regularly perform multidisciplinary drills for shoulder dystocia. Cesarean birth reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of birth trauma and NBPP associated with macrosomia. In general, with regard to surgical treatment, primary surgery includes surgical procedures involving nerve transfer, and the ulnar, median, and phrenic nerves are used as grafts/donors in this type of surgery.
  
  
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
  Significant new information has been forthcoming in recent decades on sudden infant death and apnea during early infancy. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) also known as Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) and Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI), are the terms used to describe unexpected death of an infant less than 12 months of age. The cause of death that cannot be explained after thorough investigation, death scene examination, and review of clinical history. Back-to-Sleep position for every sleep time campaign, has helped educate millions of caregivers, parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, babysitters, childcare providers, health care providers, and others, about ways to reduce the risk to reduce SIDS and other sleep-related causes of infant death. Tummy Time describes the times when you place your baby on his or her stomach while your baby is awake and while someone is watching. Tummy Time is important. Newborn safety should be routinely taught in obstetrics curricula, and the Women's Health and Education Center (WHEC) has partnered with the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO), to disseminate updated literature and guidelines to health care providers regarding newborn safety.
  
  

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