List of Articles
- Teen Pregnancy: Understanding the Social Impact
The impact of teenage pregnancy and subsequent childbirth on parents, child and society reaches far and wide and has negative consequences to all involved. Too many teenagers become parents either they cannot envision another positive future direction to their lives, or because they lack concrete educational or employment goals and opportunities that would convince them to delay parenthood. No single or simple approach has successfully reduced the teen pregnancy rate; much more study and efforts are required. Other industrialized countries have much lower teen pregnancy and abortion rates than USA. There is few, if any other social problem that has a greater impact on us as a nation. It will take the involvement and efforts on the part of families, society and government to negotiate a change in the right direction. As physicians, we are in a unique position to take a leadership role in the decision making process, at all levels. - Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
The ideal time to address medication exposure and consider alternative treatment is prior to conception. Many pharmacologic agents have teratogenic potential as well as the potential to induce fetal harm later in gestation with effects that may be lethal or cause long-term handicaps. Many women will present already pregnant, thus providing a narrow window of time in which to evaluate the fetal risks and weigh them against the maternal benefits of continuing the medication. This chapter reviews the risks of commonly used medications during pregnancy, highlights medications with particularly high risk, and reviews the evaluation of fetuses who are exposed. - Multiple Pregnancies
Multiple pregnancies are fascinating and challenging situations. It requires early detection and identification of number of pregnancies, early detection of the complications and their proper management. Multiple births are more common nowadays, owing to over-stimulation of ovulation that occurs when ovulation stimulation is done in cases of women with infertility because of ovulatory failure. Moreover, although the dizygotic twinning rate varies widely under different circumstances, the monozygotic twinning rate is "remarkably constant", usually between 3.5 to 4 per 1,000. Premature babies need prolonged and expensive care. Patient education and availability of trained healthcare providers in the area can reduce the mortality and morbidity. There are support groups for the parents of multiple births available at almost all the area hospitals, which deal with high-risk deliveries. - Antepartum Fetal Surveillance
The goal of antepartum fetal surveillance is to prevent fetal death. Several antepartum fetal surveillance techniques or tests are in use. These include fetal movement assessment, non-stress test (NST), contraction stress test (CST), biophysical profile (BPP), and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. Antepartum fetal surveillance techniques are now routinely used to assess the risk of fetal death in pregnancies complicated by preexisting maternal conditions, as well as those in which complications have developed. Identification of suspected fetal compromise provides the opportunity to intervene before progressive metabolic acidosis can lead to fetal death. Identification of suspected fetal compromise provides the opportunity to intervene before progressive metabolic acidosis can lead to fetal death. In both animals and humans, fetal heart rate pattern, level of activity, and degree of muscular tone are sensitive to hypoxemia and academia. Recent, normal antepartum fetal test results should not preclude the use of intrapartum fetal monitoring.
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Women's Health & Education Center
Dedicated to Women's and Children's Well-being and Health Care Worldwide
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Dedicated to Women's and Children's Well-being and Health Care Worldwide
www.womenshealthsection.com